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When transition pirates become 'great achievers'

tamaraplakalo's picture

Only five people on Forbes's list of the world's richest individuals beat Oleg Deripaska, the 39 year old Russian oligarch, who recently raided his US$30 billion kitty to acquire a 5 per cent stake in General Motors. That despite the fact that he can't enter the United States due to the suspicious origin of his wealth.

For the record and just in case you wondered, Roman Abramovich, best known to Western audiences as the owner of the English Premier League football club Chelsea, is no longer the richest Eastern European. His ‘paltry' US$22 billion, the lack of love from the Putin regime, and a US$300 million divorce, have cost him the not-so-coveted position at the top of the Wprost list of the 100 richest Eastern Europeans (50 of whom are billionaires).

Not surprisingly, thirty-three of Wprost's top 50 are Russians. Ukraine comes in second with ‘only' ten newly-minted billionaires. Four of the wealthiest former citizens of the Warsaw Block and former Yugoslavia are from Poland, two from Serbia and one from the Czech Republic. Most of them have been accused of getting rich by privatising the national resources of their respective countries of origin. All of them are on the Forbes global billionaires list.

The process that allowed them to get there is described by good students of Marxism as ‘the primary accumulation of capital'; the International Community uses the euphemism ‘privatisation', and most Eastern Europeans now simply refer to it as highway robbery.

In most cases, it went something like this: the country in transition issued some form of certificate/voucher/coupon to all citizens, which would have allowed the formerly collective owners of all national resources to convert them into shares. Given the sorry state of the said economies and the collapse of social security infrastructures, citizens sold their certificates for a fraction of their real value to finance their day-to-day survival to industrious individuals or signed them over to mutual funds for a promise of good return on investment. The new owners of certificates/vouchers/coupons converted them into majority ownership of state-owned companies, public infrastructure and resources. But that's only the relatively transparent and relatively legal part of it.

The real storyline runs something like this. A young Czech sets up a mutual fund. Thousands of citizens invest their vouchers in it. The mutual fund buys shares in a formerly state-owned company, strips them of assets and transfers cash to off-shore accounts; leaving the formerly state-protected collective owner of the means of production without the said means. And without their vouchers too. He runs off to the Bahamas, where he's now fighting extradition to the US - but only because he defrauded some US investors too. And the hand of the US justice system is longer and stronger than that of the Czech Republic.

Others chose more "elegant" roads to wealth. In most cases (Abramovich is but one example), more ‘elegant' means friendship with governing political elites.

The third-ranking on the Wprost list, the 55 year old Gennadiy Timochenko, is a former KGB colleague of Vladimir Putin, now a citizen of Finland and a resident of Switzerland. In February 2004, he was named by Ivan Ribkin, the current President of the Russian Duma, as the person protecting Putin's oil interests (he owns Gunvor International Limited, a Russian oil company headquartered in Geneva and also registered on the Virgin Islands). His wealth is listed at US$20 billion; however, it is impossible to tell if this figure accurately represents the real value of his assets. Just like it's impossible to tell their origins.

What is possible to establish is that most (but not all) of the top 50 ‘newly minted' Eastern European billionaires, as Forbes once referred to them, acquired their wealth at a great cost to those in their way (legally or not). Whether they are an aberration (as most Western politicians like to profess), or simply good students of the long forgotten process or the ‘primary accumulation of wealth'; the fact remains that their money keeps finding its way into legitimate businesses of the developed world. And that their wealth is paving the way for their own ‘legitimisation' as ‘businessmen', ‘achievers' and the embodiment of the exported American dream.

Which makes the masses of impoverished, robbed and otherwise fooled Eastern Europeans from whom this wealth is being ‘transferred' just an unfortunate bit of collateral damage. Forbes doesn't ask questions about collateral damage. It simply counts the pennies and proudly announces who made the cut. After all, collateral damage can be offset with some charity work. It's a bit like carbon trading. As for the people, what people?

Comments

Bringing it back to sport

The issue of whether you pay too much attention to the origins of someone's obscene wealth has been on the sporting agenda lately. I, along with a number of Liverpool Football Club fans, were engaged in a bit of soul searching late last year when it looked like Thaksin Shinawatra was going to buy the club and bankroll it with his questionable stash in the same way Abramovich has done at Chelski.

In all honesty the consensus seemed to be that most would rather not support a team that is a rich man's play thing, but that in reality we'd all be leaping around in delight if the players bought by his millions started to look like winning the Premiership.

It is easy to justify as an Englishman, if you look far enough back at the "Old money" in England, somewhere in the depths of time someone "acquired their wealth at a great cost to those in their way."

I guess unless/until we dismantle the fabric of capitalist society and work for "the greater good" instead of a greater bank balance - people with the cash will wield influence however they accumulated it.

Anyway, as far as the football dilemma panned out, Liverpool ended up being bought by two American billionaires and Shinawatra ploughed his cash into Manchester City instead (who are now fourth on the ladder having just avoided relegation less than six months ago).

Not sure what (if any) lesson there is there.

Sir Francis Drake was a pirate too

Paul, I guess Sir Francis Drake was a pirate too ... as well as a knight, a Member of the Parliament and a hero to the English ... I'm not sure if Abramovich & Co are anyone's heroes, though. Or if they should be.

And yet, their wealth is already buying them undue historical censorship -- so, if you read Forbes, you would think Abramovich is a typical case of per aspera ad astra, a son of poor parents full of charitable impulses, which he may well be.

Except that the per aspera bit could also be read as per populum ad astra ... in which case, history may be just a simple case of social Darwinism on the record ... with a huge "without prejudice" stamp on it. And I personally think it is our duty to remember -- with prejudice, in this instance.

More on the history of Russian oligarchs

For anybody interested in the history of Russian oligarchs, I would recommend a book by the self promoted “first Soviet millionaire” Artem Tarasov (“The Millionaire”, published in English by Artnik in 2005). Tarasov was among the first people to take advantage of commercial opportunities offered by Gorbachev's perestroika in the late 1980s - early 1990s.

 

To my fellow Russians who remember those turbulent years, the ‘vouchers of Chubais’ and the financial ‘pyramids’ of Mavrodi, the times when sugar was a luxury and plain pasta made the daily meal, this book makes a disturbing read. For others, it might be a curious insight into Russia’s painful transition from “the socialist paradise” to the capitalist reality.

 

What strikes me most about Tarasov’s deliberations is the obvious lack of any remorse or moral scruples, quite the contrary – these people seemed to genuinely believe they were working in the public interest, although their methods of gain were dubious to say the least. The sheer size of the deals and profits described in this book is simply beyond belief.

Standards of living

Are you arguing that people were richer, freer and happier back in the glory days of the Soviet Union? Why do you think Communism collapsed in Europe the moment that the dictatorships imposed by the Red Army balked at machine gunning the millions of people demonstrating for their freedom on the streets of Berlin, Prague and Riga?

If you actually look at the 2006 UN Human Development Index Report you'll see that, far from being 'impoverished' living standards in the former 'Warsaw Pact' countries are far higher now than they were under Communism and are continuing to grow strongly. How many Estonians, Czechs or native Ukranians long for the glory days of the empty shops and the secret police?

What Russia needs is more free market reform, not less. It may be riding high on bloated energy prices at the moment but it's still a basket case because it hasn't faced up to, nor decisively rejected, its tyrannical Soviet past. Forbes is an American magazine, it's not their fault that the Russian government mishandled their privatisations of state assets.