Fast food shown to slow conception

| May 6, 2018

Women who eat less fruit and more fast food take longer to get pregnant and are less likely to conceive within a year, according to a study by researchers at the University of Adelaide’s Robinson Research Institute.

The study, published in Human Reproduction, one of the world’s leading reproductive medicine journals, asked 5598 women in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and Ireland about their diet. The women, who had not had a baby before, were interviewed by research midwives during their first antenatal visit.

Professor Claire Roberts, Lloyd Cox Professorial Research Fellow, from the University’s Robinson Research Institute, who led the study, said: “The findings show that eating a good quality diet that includes fruit and minimising fast food consumption improves fertility and reduces the time it takes to get pregnant.”

Compared to women who ate fruit three or more times a day in the month before conception, women who ate fruit less than one to three times a month took half a month longer to become pregnant. Similarly, compared to women who never or rarely ate fast food, women who consumed fast food four or more times a week took nearly a month longer to become pregnant.

Among all the couples in the study, 468 (8%) couples were classified as infertile (defined as taking longer than a year to conceive) and 2204 (39%) conceived within a month. When the researchers looked at the impact of diet on infertility, they found that in women with the lowest intake of fruit, the risk of infertility increased from 8% to 12%, and in those who ate fast food four or more times a week, the risk of infertility increased from 8% to 16%.

First author Dr Jessica Grieger, post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Adelaide, said: “We recommend that women who want to become pregnant should align their dietary intakes towards national dietary recommendations for pregnancy. Our data shows that frequent consumption of fast foods delays time to pregnancy.”

Previous research has tended to focus on the role that diet plays in women diagnosed with or receiving treatment for infertility; the impact of maternal diet before conception in the general population has not been widely studied. This research was carried out in women recruited to the multi-centre Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) study between 2004 and 2011. Of the 5598 women, the majority (5258, 94%) received no fertility treatments before conception and 340 did.

During the first antenatal visit at around 14-16 weeks’ gestation, midwives collected information about the time it took to become pregnant and the women’s diet. This included details of their diet in the month before conception, and how frequently they consumed fruit, green leafy vegetables, fish and fast foods.

Fast foods included burgers, pizza, fried chicken and chips that were bought from take-away or fast food outlets. Fast foods eaten at home, which were bought from supermarkets, for example, were not included in the data collected and so consumption of this type of food is likely to be under-reported.

Couples were excluded from the analysis if they were receiving fertility treatment due to the male partner’s infertility.

Dr Grieger said: “Most of the women did not have a history of infertility. We adjusted the relationships with pre-pregnancy diet to take account of several factors known to increase the risk of infertility, including elevated body mass index [BMI] and maternal age, smoking and alcohol intake. As diet is a modifiable factor, our findings underscore the importance of considering preconception diet to support timely conception for women planning pregnancy.”

The researchers also found that while intake of fruit and fast foods affected time to pregnancy, pre-pregnancy intake of green leafy vegetables or fish did not.

Limitations of the study include the fact that collecting data on pre-pregnancy diet relied on retrospective recall and included a limited range of foods. Information on the fathers’ diet was not collected, and it is possible that other, unknown factors might have affected the results. A major strength is the large group of women included in the study.

“For any dietary intake assessment, one needs to use some caution regarding whether participant recall is an accurate reflection of dietary intake. However, given that many women do not change their diet from pre-pregnancy to during pregnancy, we believe that the women’s recall of their diet one month prior to pregnancy is likely to be reasonably accurate,” said Dr Grieger.

The researchers are continuing their work and plan to identify particular dietary patterns, rather than individual food groups, that may be associated with how long it takes women to become pregnant.

Expert comment

Melanie McGrice, a founding member of the Early Life Nutrition Coalition, noted that “With one in six couples now struggling to conceive, many couples are now asking what they can do to optimise their fertility. Avoiding smoking and achieving a healthy weight have been well established as important strategies.”

“This new research supports the growing body of evidence that a nutritious diet is one of the most important strategies that a couple can employ to optimise their fertility. I’d like to see all GPs and fertility specialists referring to a fertility dietitian prior to conception.

“However, as a fertility dietitian, I’m seeing more and more women who incorrectly think that they should be avoiding fruit in an effort to help them conceive. This study demonstrates that fruit consumption is not only safe, but beneficial for most women to optimise their fertility. Fruit is rich in antioxidants, vitamins and phytochemicals, and should not be lumped into the same basket as sugar and soft drinks.”

Dr Gino Pecoraro, a senior lecturer in obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Queensland and the Federal Australian Medical Association Spokesperson for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, commented  “Another week, another good reason for women hoping to start a family to make sure they ditch the fast food and switch over to a healthy diet.”

“Although there was no proven benefit from this survey from having a diet rich in green, leafy vegetables or fish, it certainly looks as though fruit (which plays an important part in plant reproduction) also seems to be important for humans wanting to get pregnant.”

Dr Jemma Evans, a Research Officer at the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, agreed that “Many studies now highlight that the time before conception and pregnancy is critical for fertility, pregnancy and the health of the child. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and diet clearly affect our health in general and also impact on fertility.”

“This study adds to this growing body of evidence by highlighting that diet choices, specifically decreased fruit and increased fast food consumption, are correlated with an increased amount of time to become pregnant and also with infertility. Only small increases in time to become pregnant and infertility were noted with increased fast food/decreased fruit consumption. However, this may point more generally to an unhealthy diet being associated with infertility.”

However, she cautioned that “In the current study, women were asked to remember diet choices from around 18-20 weeks prior to their pregnancy appointment, yet their dietary recall is unlikely to be accurate and this has implications for the significance of the study.”

“Additionally, only a select number of foods and food groups were included, but diet is more complex than the limited foods and food groups the study examined. There is now increasing evidence that sugar has an impact on health, but sugar intake was not assessed.”

“This study clearly highlights the need for a greater understanding of the impact of diet before conception on fertility and pregnancy.  It also paves the way for accurate pre-conception dietary assessment studies using daily food records to fully understand the impact of lifestyle choices on fertility.”

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