Unraveling the stories in our stars

Of course, we don’t all see exactly the same night sky – there are subtle differences, depending on where we are on the planet, what season it is and the time of night, all of which are imbued into the meaning we construct about the stars.

The constellation known as Baiame to the Wradjuri and Orion to the Ancient Creeks. 

But, around the world and throughout history, we find remarkably similar constellations defined by disparate cultures, as well as strikingly similar narratives describing the relationships between them.

For example, the constellation Orion is described by the Ancient Greeks as a man pursuing the seven sisters of the Pleiades star cluster.

This same constellation is, in Wradjuri tradition, Baiame: a man pursuing the Mulayndynang (Pleiades) cluster.

In the traditions of the Great Northern Desert, Baiame is Nyeeruna chasing the seven sisters of Yugarilya.

These and other common patterns, as well as the remarkably complex narratives describing them, link the cultures of early Aboriginal Australians and the ancient Greeks, despite them being separated by thousands of years and miles.

Similarly, many cultures in the southern hemisphere identify constellations which are actually made of the dark spaces between the stars; highlighting absence rather than presence. These occur predominantly in the dark dust lanes of the Milky Way.

Across cultures, these again show remarkable consistency. The celestial emu, which is found in Aboriginal traditions across Australia, shares nearly identical views and traditions with the Tupi people of Brazil and Bolivia, who see it as a celestial rhea, another large flightless bird.

Aboriginal tradition identifies the “celestial emu” in the dark lanes of the Milky Way, while the Tupi of Brazil and Bolivia see another flightless bird, the rhea.

There are also significant differences seen between cultures, though the fundamental roots remain.

The Big Dipper is identified across many northern hemisphere traditions, but for the Alaskan Gwich’in, this is merely the tail of the whole-sky constellation Yahdii (The Tailed Man), who ‘walks’ from east to west overnight.

Though we share a fascination with the stars, we have little documented knowledge of how particular constellations were identified by certain cultures. Why and how do we see the same patterns?

The ’Big Dipper’ constellation features in many northern hemisphere traditions.

Our upcoming research is exploring the genesis of these different names and different groupings and the idea that many came about mainly as a result of cultural variations in the perception of natural scenes; so, an individual’s view of a phenomenon can become the generalised view of a group or culture.

These differences may have endured due to the necessity of communicating these groupings across generations through complex oral traditions.

These oral traditions are often mistakenly compared to the children’s game of Telephone in which a message is whispered down a line of people resulting in errors as the information is passed on.

British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett realised in the early 20th Century that these errors typically reflect a person’s beliefs about missing or uncertain information filtering into the original message. The information that’s passed from one person to another accumulates and ultimately informs an individual’s beliefs about the nature of the world.

Aboriginal oral tradition has held intact critical information from the deep past. 

In oral cultures, like those of Indigenous Australia, the focus of transmission is on ease of communication and recall.

The outstanding difference is that Aboriginal oral traditions constructed narratives and memory spaces in such a way as to keep the critical information intact through hundreds of generations.

How this came about and how a thread of meaning endures across individuals, space and time are fascinating questions.

In collaboration with Museums Victoria, our team is exploring how cultural differences in our traditions and our stories can come about as a result of very small variations in the nature of perception and understanding in different people, and how this is influenced by both personal belief and geographical location.

Investigating how meaning in the stars is developed and passed-on emphasises the fundamental aspects of humanity that we share across cultural bounds, despite differing beliefs, geographical isolation and location.

As part of National Science Week, more than 200 people submitted their own constellation and story in response to a star field projected onto the ceiling of Victoria’s Parliament House; the preliminary data-collection phase in this study.

Humanity’s ongoing fascination with the stars has only recently been fuelled by our ability to dream about leaving the planet and visiting them. More fundamentally, they are a reflection and a framework for our life on this planet.

The meaning we find in the night sky seems to, ironically, ground us in the changing world in which we find ourselves. This is as important now as it was 65 000 years ago, when people migrated to Australia using the stars.

This article was written by Dr Simon J Cropper, Associate Professor Daniel R Little, Associate Professor Charles Kemp, and Associate Professor Duane W. Hamacher of the University of Melbourne.  It was published by Pursuit.  Another version of this story has been co-published with The Conversation.